ÁøÈ­(Evolution) : ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¶ó »ý¹° Áý´Ü ³»¿¡ ÀϾ´Â ´ë¸³À¯ÀüÀÚ ºóµµÀÇ º¯È­

 

I.  À§ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ÇöÀç·Î¼­´Â ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡µµ ¸Â´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÁøÈ­¸¦ ÀÌÇØ(?)Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¸ÕÀú °ü·ÃµÇ´Â »ý¹°ÇÐ ºÐ¾ß¸¦ °£´ÜÈ÷ »ý°¢ÇØ º¸ÀÚ.

 

ÁøÈ­»ý¹°ÇÐ(Evolutionary Biology) : ÁøÈ­¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â »ý¹°ÇÐ ºÐ¾ß

 

ÁøÈ­»ýÅÂÇÐ(Evolutionary Ecology) : »ýÅÂÇаú ÁøÈ­»ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ Á¢¸ñ ºÐ¾ß, ȯ°æ(»ý¹°È¯°æ Æ÷ÇÔ)¿¡ µû¸¥ ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åÿ¡ µû¶ó ÀûÀÀµÈ ÇöÀç (»ýÅÂ¿Í ÇൿÀ» °¡Áø) »ý¹°·Î ÁøÈ­ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°í ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÇÁõ ÀÚ·á ¼öÁý, ºÐ¼® ¹× ÀÌ·Ð ¿¬±¸.

 

»ýÅÂÇÐ(Ecology) : »ý¹° ±º°ú ȯ°æ(»ý¹°È¯°æ Æ÷ÇÔ)°úÀÇ °ü°è, »óÈ£¿µÇâÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â »ý¹°ÇÐÀÌ´Ù. °³Ã¼³ª °³Ã¼ ±¸¼ººÎºÐ(¼¼Æ÷, Á¶Á÷, ±â°ü µî)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ý¹° Áý´Ü ÀÌ»óÀ» ¿¬±¸ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Áý´Ü À¯ÀüÇÐ(Population Genetics) : ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¶ó Áý´Ü ³»¿¡ ÀϾ´Â ´ë¸³À¯ÀüÀÚ ºóµµÀÇ º¯È­¿Í Áý´ÜÀÇ À¯ÀüÀû ±¸¼ºÀ» ¼ö½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥Çö

 

¾çÀû À¯ÀüÇÐ(Quantitative Genetics) : ¿¬¼Ó º¯À̸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â À¯ÀüÇÐ ¿¬±¸

 

 

II. ÁøÈ­¿Í ÀÌ¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¸î °³ »ìÆ캸¸é¼­ ÁøÈ­¸¦ °Çµå·Á º¸ÀÚ.

 

ÁøÈ­´Â 1) »ý¹° Áý´Ü ³»¿¡¼­ °³Ã¼ °£ÀÇ °ÑÀ¸·Î µå·¯³­ ¾î¶² Ư¼º(¿©±â¼± ¡®ÇüÁú, trait¡¯·Î ¸»ÇÑ´Ù)ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ(¿©±â¼± ¡®º¯ÀÌ¡¯·Î ¸»ÇÔ)°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½¿£ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇüÁú º¯ÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥ ¡®ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åá¯ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç 3) ¡®ÀÚ¿¬¼±Å᯵Ǵ ÇüÁú º¯ÀÌ´Â ¡®À¯Àü¡¯µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

º¯ÀÌ(Variation) : »ý¹° Áý´Ü ³»ÀÇ ÇüÁúÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ. ºÒ¿¬¼Ó º¯ÀÌ¿Í ¿¬¼Ó º¯ÀÌ·Î ³ª´­ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿¬¼Ó º¯ÀÌ´Â Å°, ¸ö ¹«°Ô µîÀ¸·Î Åë°èó¸® °¡´ÉÇÑ º¯·®ÀÌ¸ç ¼ö½ÄÈ­ °¡´ÉÇÏ¸ç ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù.

 

VP = VG + VE + (VGE)

Ç¥ÇöÇü º¯ÀÌ °ªÀº À¯ÀüÀÚÇü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¯ÀÌ + ȯ°æ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¯ÀÌ + (À¯ÀüÀÚÇü°ú ȯ°æÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ó½ÂÈ¿°ú¸¦ º¸ÀÌ´Â º¯ÀÌ)

 

ÀÚ¿¬¼±ÅÃ(Natural selection) : Ç¥ÇöÇü Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀûÀÀµµ(Fitness) Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸é ÀÚ¿¬¼±ÅÃÀÌ µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Á¤È®ÇÑ ÁøÈ­»ýÅÂÇÐÀû °³³äÀ¸·Î´Â ÇÑ ¼¼´ë ³»¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¡®Ç¥ÇöÇü Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥ ÀûÀÀµµ Â÷ÀÌ¡¯°¡ ¡®ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åá¯ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼´ë¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼­´Â ÀÚ¿¬¼±ÅÃÀº ÁøÈ­·Î º»´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÁøÈ­¿¡´Â ¼¼´ë °£ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åÿ¡´Â À¯ÀüÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ȯ°æ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÇü Â÷ÀÌ·Î ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åà µÇ¾îÁö³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÇüÀÌ À¯ÀüµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÁøÈ­·Î À̾îÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

 

ÀûÀÀ(Adaptation) : ÇöÀçÀÇ Á¤´äÀº ¿øÀÎ-°ú-°á°ú °ü°è(Cause-and-effect relationship)·Î º¸¸ç ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åà °á°ú°¡ ÀûÀÀÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

 

µû¶ó¼­ ÇöÀçÀÇ ÁøÈ­·ÐÀº ¡®ÀûÀÀ(ÁøÈ­)ÀÌ·Ð, Adaptative (Evolution) Theory¡¯À» Á¤´äÀ¸·Î º¸°í ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ¿¬±¸(½ÇÇè, ÀÚ·á ºÐ¼®, ÀÌ·ÐÈ­ ¼ö½ÄÈ­ µî)·Î À̸¦ ½ÇÁõÇÏ·Á ÇÔ, Àü¿¡ ÇØ¿Ô´ø (È­¼®À» ¾Õ¼¼¿î) Ãß»óÀûÀÌ°í ¾ð¾îÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¡¦

 

µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¿äÀÎ(À¯ÀüÀÚ ºÎµ¿, À¯ÀüÀÚ À̵¿, Áý´Ü ÀÌÁÖ, ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åà µî)µµ ÁøÈ­¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀÌÁö¸¸ Áö±¸ »ý¸íü ¿ª»ç¸¦ µ¹ÀÌÄÑ º»´Ù¸é µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌÀÇ Á߿伺À» ÀǽÉÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ¹æÇ⼺ ¼±ÅÃ(Directional selection)¿¡¼­ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é ¼ö½Ê ¼¼´ë¿¡ À̸£¸é ±× ¹æÇ⼺ ¼±Åà ÈûÀÌ ¼ÒÁøµÇ¾î ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÁøÈ­´Â ÀϾÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

±ä ½Ã°£¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ÁøÈ­¿¡´Â µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ°¡ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ ¹ß»ý°ú ±× È¿°ú°¡ ³ªÅ¸³¯ È®·ü ÀÌÇØ, ¿¬±¸, Çؼ®ÀÌ ¾î·Æ°í ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀÇ »ý°¢°ú Àü¹® ¿¬±¸ÀÚÀÇ »ý°¢ÀÌ ÀüÇô ´Ù¸£°í µîÀÇ ÇØ°áµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ ¼ö ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í¡¦)

 

III. ´Ù½Ã ¿ø·¡ ¸ÕÀú ½è´ø À̾߱⸦ º¸¸ç ÁøÈ­¸¦ ´Ù½Ã º¸±â·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

 

1.  ´ÙÀ©ÀÇ ÁøÈ­·Ð

3 key words : Evolution, Speciation by Natural Selection

ÀÚ¿¬¼±ÅÃÀÇ Á߿伺

 

(1) º¯ÀÌ´Â ¸ðµç »ý¹°ÀÇ ±âº»Àû Ư¼ºÀÌ´Ù.

(2) ¸ðµç »ý¹°Àº ÈļÕÀ» °úÀ×»ý»êÇϹǷΠ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÈļյéÀº ¹ø½Ä½Ã±â ÀÌÀü¿¡ Á״´Ù.

(3) ¸ÔÀÌ, °ø°£, ¹è¿ìÀÚ µîÀÇ ÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÀïÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.

(4) °æÀïÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿øÀ» °¡Àå Àß È¹µæÇÏ°í ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °³Ã¼µéÀÌ »ýÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù.

(5) ¼±ÅÃµÈ ÇüÁúÀº ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ë·Î Àü´ÞµÈ´Ù.

 

2. Çϵð-¿ÍÀιö±× ÆòÇü

(1) ´ë¸³À¯ÀüÀÚ ºóµµ ÆòÇü : p + q = 1

(2) À¯ÀüÀÚÇü ºóµµ ÆòÇü : p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

(3) ÆòÇüÀº Á߸³ (ÆòÇüÀÌ ±³¶õµÇ¸é »õ·Î¿î ´ë¸³ À¯ÀüÀÚ ºóµµ¿¡¼­ ÆòÇüÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù)

 

3. H-W ÆòÇü °¡Á¤Àº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ 4  °¡Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù.

1) µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ, 2) ÀÚ¿¬ ¼±Åà 3) ¼º ¼±Åà Æ÷ÇÔ, 4) ÀÌÁÖ(Áï À̵¿)

¶ÇÇÑ Áý´Ü Å©±â°¡ ¸Å¿ì Ä¿¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °°Àº ¡®¹ø½Ä·Â¡¯µµ À̾߱⠵dzª »ç½Ç»ó ÀÌ´Â ¡®¼º ¼±Åᯰú ´õºÒ¾î ¡®ÀÚ¿¬¼±Å᯿¡ Æ÷Ç﵃ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Çϵð-¿ÍÀιö±× ÆòÇüÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¿ë °¡Ä¡°¡ Àִµ¥

(1) Áý´Ü ³» ƯÁ¤ ´ë¸³ À¯ÀüÀÚ ºóµµ¿Í À¯ÀüÀÚÇü ºóµµ¸¦ ¿¹Ãø, ¿¬±¸Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

¿¹) ¹Ì±¹ ³» ¾Ëºñ³ë ȯÀÚ ºñÀ²ÀÌ 1/20000 (20000 ¸í ´ç 1 ¸í ²ÃÀÌ´Ù.)

    ±×·³ q2 = 1/20000 = 0.00005 (0.005 %)

    q = 0.00707

    p = 1 – q = 0.99293

   (p + q) 2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

    p2 = 0.9859 , 2pq = 0.01404, q2 = 0.00005

Áï, À¯ÀüÀÚ Ç®¿¡¼­ ¿­¼º ´ë¸³À¯ÀüÀÚ q ´Â 0.7 %, ¿ì¼º ´ë¸³À¯ÀüÀÚ p ´Â 99.3 % Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ¾Ëºñ³ë ȯÀÚ´Â ¿­¼ºÀ¯ÀüÀÚ ½ÖÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ß ¹ß»ýµÇ¹Ç·Î 0.005% Á¤µµ·Î Àû°Ô ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿­¼ºÀ¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Áö³æÀ¸³ª Ç¥ÇöµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ë¿¡ ÀÌ À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ÀÌÇü ´ë¸³À¯ÀüÀÚ Á¶ÇÕ(pq)´Â 1.4 %·Î ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù. ¿­¼ºÀ¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Áö´ÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼ø¼öÇÑ À¯¼ºÀ¯ÀüÀÚ Á¶ÇÕÀº 98.6 % ÀÌ´Ù.

 

(2) Çϵð-¿ÍÀιö±× °¡Á¤¿¡ ¹þ¾î³ª¸é ÁøÈ­¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ÁøÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÌÇØÀÌ´Ù.

 

4. µû¶ó¼­

1) ÁøÈ­´Â °³Ã¼ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Áý´ÜÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù.

2) ÁøÈ­´Â Áý´ÜÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ Ç®(¡®À¯ÀüÀÚ ±Þ¿ø¡¯À¸·Î ¹ø¿ªÇϱ⵵)¿¡¼­ ´ë¸³À¯ÀüÀÚ ºóµµ°¡ º¯È­µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

3) ÁøÈ­´Â µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ, ÀÚ¿¬¼±ÅÃ(¼º ¼±ÅÃ) µîÀ¸·Î ÀϾ´Ù.

 

5. À§ À̾߱⿡ µû¸¥ ¿ë¾î »ìÆ캸±â·Î

 

µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ(mutation) : À¯ÀüÀÚ Ç®¿¡ »õ·Î¿î À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ´õÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

 

À¯ÀüÀÚ ºÎµ¿(Gene drift) : Á¤ÇØÁø °³Ã¼ ¼ö °£ÀÇ ¹«ÀÛÀ§ÀûÀÎ À¯ÀüÀÚ ÀçÁ¶ÇÕ °á°ú·Î ƯÁ¤ ´ë¸³ À¯ÀüÀÚ ºóµµ°¡ ³·¾ÆÁö°í ¾ÆÁÖ Áý´Ü¿¡¼­ ¾ø¾îÁú È®·üÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü À¯ÀüÀÚ Ç®¿¡¼­ Á¦°ÅµÇ¸é ´Ù½Ã´Â ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù.

 

ÀÚ¿¬¼±ÅÃ(Natural selection) : »ýÁ¸À²(¼º¼±ÅÃ, ¹ø½Ä·Â, ¹ø½ÄȽ¼ö,µî)ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÇü º¯ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÇü º¯ÀÌ´Â À¯ÀüÀÚÇü°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î Èļտ¡ Àü´ÞµÈ´Ù¸é ÈÄ´ëÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ Ç®ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ ºóµµ´Â ¹Ù²î°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¼±ÅÃÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÇüÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» ¡®ÇüÁú(Trait)¡¯¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.

 

ÀûÀÀµµ(Fitness) : ÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚÇü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ÃÑüÀûÀÎ »ýÁ¸À²(´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ë¿¡ À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó´ëÀûÀÎ ±â¿©µµ·Î 1~0 »çÀÌÀÌ´Ù. °¡Àå Å« °ªÀÌ ¹°·Ð 1ÀÌ´Ù. ¹ø½Ä·ÂÀ» ³·Ãß´Â ±â¿©µµ¸¦ s, t ¶óÇϸé ÀûÀÀµµ W = 1- s ÀÌ´Ù. ¡®¿­¼ºÄ¡»ç¡¯ÀÎ °æ¿ì s = 1, W = 0 ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

 

ÀûÀÀµµ ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò : »ýÁ¸´É·Â, ¼º ¼±Åà ´É·Â,  »ý½Ä´É·Â(»ý»ê´É·Â) ÀÌ ¿Ü¿¡µµ ¾ö¸¶ÀÇ ÀÚ±Ãȯ°æ(Marternal Effects ·Î ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò. ȯ°æÀû ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ßÇصµ ÀÖÀ¸³ª À¯ÀüÀû ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ÁÁÀ» µí). ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ µ¹º¸´Â ´É·Â(K Àü·«°¡¿¡¼­ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇµíÀÌ ÀÌ·± ÇüÁúÀÌ À¯ÀüµÈ´Ù¸é °ü·Ã À¯ÀüÀÚÇüÀÇ ºóµµ´Â Áõ°¡µÉ °ÍÀÌ)

 

¼±Åà ȿ°ú

         1) ¹æÇ⼺ ¼±ÅÃ(Directional selection) – È­¼® Áõ°Å¸¦ °¡Áö°í ¸»°ú ±â¸°ÀÇ ¿¹¸¦ µç´Ù. ġŸ¿Í ÀÓÆç¶óÀÇ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °øÁøÈ­ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­µµ Àß ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. Æò±ÕÀ» ¹þ¾î³­ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ¹üÀ§°¡ ¼±ÅõȴÙ(¹Ù¶÷Á÷Çϰųª ¶Ç´Â ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô).

 

 

 

 

 


         2) ¾ÈÁ¤È­ ¼±ÅÃ(Stabilizing selection) – Ç¥ÇöÇüÀÇ ¾à ³¡À» Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿© µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Æò±ÕÀ» À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ½Å»ý¾Æ ¹«°Ô¸¦ ¿¹·Î µç´Ù. ³Ê¹« °¡º±°Å³ª ³Ê¹« ¹«°Å¿î žƴ »ýÁ¸ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÛ¾ÆÁø´Ù.

 

 

 

 


3) ºÐ¸®Àû ¼±ÅÃ(disruptive selection) – Ç¥ÇöÇü ºÐÆ÷ÀÇ Áß¾Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °³Ã¼µéÀ» ¼Ò¸ê½ÃÅ°°í ¾ç³¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °³Ã¼µé¿¡°Ô À¯¸®ÇÏ°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ³ë¶û ÃÊÆĸ® Áý´Ü¿¡¼­ ¿· °¡½¿ °­¸ð ¼ö°¡ ºÐ¸® ¼±ÅõǴ ¿¹¸¦ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î °üÂûµÇ¾ú´Ù.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


IV. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¾Æ·¡ Âü°í ¿µ¹®À» ÀÐ¾î º¸¸é ¹ºÁö ¸ð¸£´Â À̾߱Ⱑ Á» ´õ È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô °¨ Àâ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Darwin-Wallace Proposition

When Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed theory of evolution by natural selection, the concepts of evolution and speciation were not new. Darwin introduced The Origin with ¡°An Historical Sketch,¡± in which he summarized the work of 34 previous authors who had speculated on evolution and the origin of species. What was new about Darwin and Wallace¡¯s proposition was natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionary change. Darwin further proposed that natural selection was a unifying process that natural selection was a unifying process that account for adaptation, for speciation, and hence for the diversity of life on earth.

 

Neo-Darwinism

However, despite its logical consistency, natural selection was not accepted as a necessary or sufficient explanation for adaptation until the ¡°evolutionary synthesis¡± of the mid-20th century, when knowledge from population and quantitative genetics, natural history(e.g., biogeography, ecology, behavior), systematics, and paleontology merged to form the unified theory of adaptive evolution known as neo-Darwinism. Since that time, natural selection has been accepted as the universal mechanism leading to adaptation, and the two terms have become so closely associated as to be almost tautological.

 

Hardy-Weinberg Equibillium

The biological sciences now generally define evolution as being the sum total of the genetically inherited changes in the individuals who are the members of a population's gene pool.  It is clear that the effects of evolution are felt by individuals, but it is the population as a whole that actually evolves.  Evolution is simply a change in frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population.  For instance, let us assume that there is a trait that is determined by the inheritance of a gene with two alleles--B and b.  If the parent generation has 92% B and 8% b and their offspring collectively have 90% B and 10% b, evolution has occurred between the generations.  The entire population's gene pool has evolved in the direction of a higher frequency of the b allele--it was not just those individuals who inherited the b allele who evolved.

This definition of evolution was developed largely as a result of independent work in the early 20th century by Godfrey Hardy, an English mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician.  Through mathematical modeling based on probability, they concluded in 1908 that gene pool frequencies are inherently stable but that evolution should be expected in all populations virtually all of the time.  They resolved this apparent paradox by analyzing the net effects of potential evolutionary mechanisms.

Hardy, Weinberg, and the population geneticists who followed them came to understand that evolution will not occur in a population if seven conditions are met:

1) mutation is not occurring

2) natural selection is not occurring

3) the population is infinitely large

4) all members of the population breed

5) all mating is totally random

6) everyone produces the same number of offspring

7) there is no migration in or out of the population

 

2010-06-09, ´Ù½Ã ãÀ½, °û³ëÅÂ